Hello fellow of Cyberspace, today I want to talk about this book Twenty Years After
by Alexandre Dumas.
Hope you like
Title
of the work: The prince
Original
title: Il principe
Author's
name: Nicolás Machiavelli
Original
language: Italian
Genre:
Political Treaty and Political Science
Publisher:
Nicolás Maquiavelo
Current
edition year: 2008
Years
of editions: 2008
Year
of reading: 2004, 2010, 2018
Additional
Information:
I have
read this book several times and I always like it, it is a book that has to be
read more than once as it will always modify your prospective.
For me
the best achievement of Machiavelli, is that when he makes this treaty does not
go around the bush, or tries to sell us a chimera, Machiavelli is able to
identify the problem and give a more or less viable solution in most cases.
(since today you do not let us eliminate our enemies in a definitive way) he
has studied the human condition and gives solutions to the most common
problems, it is true that I am not in front of a nation, even so and anyway When
you interact or do business with other humans, this treatise by Machiavelli is
perfect because it allows you to decipher the intentions of your neighbor and
even when these intentions are very well hidden, the knowledge that Machiavelli
offers us allows you to see that something is not going well and prepare for
adversity, forcing you to ask yourself what in your acting force before an
adverse event, fortuitous or positive.
Abstract
of the work:
Matter:
New principalities (chapters 1 and 2)
The
prince begins by describing the subject he will handle. In the first sentence,
Machiavelli uses the word "State" (in Italian Stato, which could also
mean "state") to neutrally cover "all forms of organization of
supreme political power, whether republican or princely." The way in which
the word "State" acquired this modern type of meaning during the
Renaissance has been the object of many academic discussions, and this and
similar sentences in Machiavelli's works are considered particularly important
Mixed
Principalities (Chapters 3-5)
The
new principalities are entirely new or principalities built on the basis of
previous ones, which means that they are new parts of an earlier state, which
already belong to that prince.
Conquered
kingdoms (chapter 4)
In
this chapter, Machiavelli refers to the nature of the conquered kingdoms and
how this can be decisive for their conquest and possession; for which he
illustrates two concrete examples.
Free
conquered states, with their own laws and orders (chapter 5)
Gilbert
(1938, p.34) points out that this chapter is quite atypical of any previous
book for princes. Gilbert assumed that the need to discuss the conquest of free
republics is linked to Machiavelli's project of uniting Italy, which contained
some free republics. As he also points out, the chapter, in any case, makes it
clear that maintaining that state is very difficult for a prince. Machiavelli
gives three options:
Destroy
them, as Rome destroyed Carthage, and also as Machiavelli says that the Romans
finally had to do in Greece, even though they had wanted to avoid it.
Fix
your place of residence there (or install colonies, if you are a prince of a
republic).
Allow
them to maintain their own orders but install a puppet regime, the worst option
of all according to the author.
Completely
new states (chapters 6-9)
Conquests
in virtue (chapter 6)
Princes
who rise to power through their own abilities and resources (their
"virtue") instead of luck tend to have difficulty reaching the top,
but once they reach the top, they are very secure in their position . This is
because they effectively crush their opponents and earn great respect from
everyone else. Because they are strong and more self-sufficient, they have to
make fewer commitments to their allies.
Conquest
by fortune, that is, by the virtue of another person (chapter 7)
According
to Machiavelli, when a prince comes to power through the fate or blessings of
powerful figures within the regime, it is usually easy for him to gain power,
but he has difficulty maintaining it afterwards, because his power depends on
the goodwill of his people. benefactors. He does not order the loyalty of the
armies and officers who maintain his authority, and these can be withdrawn from
him at will. Having gotten up in the easiest way, it is not even safe for a
prince to have the ability and the strength to stand on his own feet.
Become
a prince by the selection of his fellow citizens (chapter 9)
A
"civil principality" is one in which a citizen comes to power
"not through crime or other intolerable violence", but through the
support of his fellow citizens. This, he says, does not require virtues or
extreme fortunes, only "lucky astuteness."
How to
judge the strength of principalities (chapter 10)
The
way to judge the strength of a principality is to see if it can defend itself
or if it needs to depend on allies. This does not only mean that cities must be
prepared and trained people; A prince who is hated is also exposed.
Ecclesiastical
principles (chapter 11)
This
type of "principality" refers, for example, explicitly to the
Catholic Church, which of course is not traditionally considered a
principality. According to Machiavelli, these are relatively easy to maintain,
once founded. They do not need to defend themselves militarily, nor govern
their subjects.
Defense
and military (chapter 12-14)
Having
discussed the various types of principalities, Machiavelli resorts to the ways
in which a state can attack other territories or defend itself. The two most
essential foundations for any State, whether old or new, are strong laws and
strong military forces. A self-sufficient prince is one who can face any enemy
on the battlefield. He should be "armed" with his own arms. However,
a prince who relies solely on fortifications or the help of others and becomes
defensive is not self-sufficient. If he can not form a formidable army, but
must rely on defense, he must fortify his city. It is unlikely that a
well-fortified city will be attacked, and if it is, most armies can not
withstand a prolonged siege. However, during a siege, a virtuous prince will
keep the morale of his subjects high while eliminating all dissenters.
Therefore, as long as the city is adequately defended and has sufficient
supplies, a wise prince can withstand any siege.
The
qualities of a prince (chapters 14-19)
Each
of the following chapters presents a discussion about a particular virtue or
vice that a prince might have, and therefore is structured so that it appears
as a traditional advice for a prince. However, the advice is far from
traditional
If
dominant conquests with strengths work (Chapter 20)
Machiavelli
mentions that the placement of fortresses in the conquered territories,
although sometimes it works, often fails. Using strengths may be a good plan,
but Machiavelli says he must "blame anyone who, trusting in strengths,
thinks little about being hated by people." He cited Caterina Sforza, who
used a fortress to defend herself but was eventually betrayed by her people.
Earn honors
(Chapter 21)
A
prince really gains honor by completing great feats. King Ferdinand of Spain is
cited by Machiavelli as an example of a monarch who gained esteem by showing
his skill through great deeds and who, in the name of religion, conquered many
territories and kept his subjects occupied so that they had no chance to rebel
. With respect to two states in conflict, Machiavelli affirms that it is always
smarter to choose a side, instead of being neutral. Machiavelli provides the
following reasons why:
If
your allies win, you benefit if you have more power than they have.
If you
are more powerful, then your allies are under your command; If your allies are
stronger, they will always feel a certain obligation to you for your help.
If
your side loses, you still have an ally in the loser.
Machiavelli
also points out that it is wise for a prince not to ally himself with a
stronger force unless he is obligated to do so. In conclusion, the most
important virtue is to have the wisdom to discern which companies will come
with the greatest reward and then pursue them with courage.
Nobles
and staff (chapter 22)
The
selection of good servants is directly reflected in the intelligence of the
prince, so if they are loyal, the prince considers himself wise; however, when
they are otherwise, the prince is open to adverse criticism. Machiavelli
affirms that there are three types of intelligence:
The
guy who understands things for himself, who is excellent to have.
The
kind that understands what others can understand, what is good to have.
The
kind that does not understand by itself, nor through others, that it is useless
to have.
If the
prince does not have the first kind of intelligence, at least he should have
the second type. Because, as Machiavelli says, "a prince needs to have the
discernment to recognize the good or the bad in what another says or does, even
if he himself does not have insight."
Avoiding
sycophants (chapter 23)
This
chapter shows a low opinion of sycophants; Machiavelli notes that "men are
so happily absorbed in their own affairs and indulge in such self-deception
that it is difficult for them not to be victims of this plague; and some
efforts to protect themselves from sycophants imply the risk of being despised.
"
Why
the princes of Italy lost their states (chapter 24)
After
mentioning for the first time that a new prince can become as respected as a
hereditary one, Machiavelli says that the princes in Italy who had
long-standing power and lost him can not blame bad luck, but should blame his
own indolence. One "should never fall into the belief that you can find
someone to pick you up." All showed a weapons defect (already discussed)
and either had a hostile population or did not know how to make sure with the
big ones.
Fortune
(chapter 25)
As
Gilbert (1938) pointed out, it was traditional in the princely literary genre
to mention fortune, but "fortune invades the prince, since she does no
other similar work".
Exhortation
to seize Italy and free it from the barbarians (chapter 26)
Pope
Leo X at the time the book was written was a member of the Medici family. This
chapter appeals directly to the Medici to use what has been summarized to
conquer Italy with Italian armies, following the advice of the book.